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Tradefit
October 2024
Ultimate Guide To Door Closers
Here we answer the most common questions about door closers to give you a comprehensive guide
Door closers are essential devices for ensuring that doors close automatically after being opened. They play a crucial role in maintaining security, fire safety, and climate control in buildings. Here at Tradefit we get questions all the time on door closers, even from the most experienced tradesmen, so we’ve put together what we believe is the ultimate guide to closers including their different types, how to choose the right one, troubleshooting tips and much more.
What Is a Door Closer?
Let’s start with the basics – simply put, a door closer is a mechanical device that automatically closes a door after someone opens it. They are most commonly used in commercial buildings, public facilities, and residential properties to ensure doors close properly and are essential in reducing the spread of fire, maintaining temperature, and enhancing security.
Types of Door Closers
There’s a few different types of door closer, each designed for specific applications and door functionality, but the three main types of door closers are:
1. Surface-Mounted Door Closers
These are the most common type and are mounted on the surface of the door or frame. They are versatile and come in different configurations, including:
- Regular Arm (Standard Arm): Mounted on the pull side of the door (known as Application 1)
- Parallel Arm: Mounted on the push side, providing a more streamlined appearance (known as Application 66)
- Top Jamb: Mounted on the top jamb when there is insufficient space on the door itself (known as Application 61)
2. Cam Action Door Closers
Cam action closers work with a slide arm which can be surface mounted or concealed.
Since they can be concealed they’re a popular choice for high-end buildings and offices as they blend in with the door.
They’re also ideal for buildings where a protruding arm could be subject to misuse or vandalism, such as schools and prisons.
It’s important to note, however, that the maximum opening angle for cam closers is 120 degrees.
3. Concealed Door Closers
Concealed door closers are hidden within the door or frame, providing an unobtrusive appearance. They’re commonly used in design-led buildings where aesthetics are important as there’s no protruding arm. For this reason they’re also popular in schools and prisons where an overhead closer is likely to be vandalised. There's a few different types of concealed door closers:
- Concealed Overhead: Installed in the door header and frame. They offer controlled closing and latching so are suitable for fire doors
- Floor Spring: Installed in the floor beneath the door, commonly used for glass doors.
- Numatic Chain Closers: These use a piston method of closing the door and are morticed into the door frame. These aren’t fitted as widely these days, as concealed door closers are the more popular option.
- Chain Door Closer: A lower cost method of concealing a door closer, these are fitted into the door and frame and powered by a spring and chain. Be aware though that there is no controlled closing on these closers and they are not generally recommended for use on fire doors.
4. Floor Spring Door Closers
These are mounted in the floor beneath the door and are often used for corridors and entrance doors, high traffic or heavy doors.
Floor spring closers are ideal for using with glass doors as they don’t need to be drilled into the glass door for fitting.
They offer precise control over the door's movement and are concealed for a clean look.
5. Electromagnetic Door Closers
Technically classed as overhead door closers, these also provide hold-open functionality linked to the fire alarm system, ensuring the door closes automatically in an emergency. They come in two options so you can choose which is best for your environment:
- Hold Open: Holds the door in the open position so is ideal for busy traffic environments such as hospitals and schools
- Free swing: Generally used in care homes as this allows the door to operate as if no closer is fitted, so minimal force is needed to open or close the door
How To Choose the Right Door Closer
Choosing the right door closer involves understanding various factors that will ensure the door closer meets the specific requirements of your application. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you make an informed decision:
- Is It An Exterior or Interior Door?
Exterior doors often require more robust closers to handle environmental factors like wind, and due to security issues they must close more quickly than an internal door. Although door closers can be fitted to external doors if they are manufactured to be corrosion-resistant, door closers are generally fitted internally as variable temperatures will affect closing speeds. - Is It a Fire Door?
If so, it must comply to BS EN 1154 or BS EN 1155 - we’ve listed this below in further detail. - Glass Doors:
These typically need specific types of door closers designed for glass to avoid damage - floor springs are the most common type of closer fitted to glass doors. - High-Traffic Areas:
Heavy-duty closers with adjustable power sizes are needed for doors used frequently. Environments such as schools and public buildings generally require a closer with backcheck to prevent wall and frame damage. Also consider whether the protruding arm of an overhead closer would be more prone to vandalism – in these cases a slide arm closer may be more practical. - Residential vs. Commercial:
Residential doors or internal cupboard doors would likely need lighter duty closers compared to commercial settings. - Door Users:
Consider who is going to be using the door – elderly or disabled users would need more time to pass through the door, so a door closer with delayed action would be more suitable.
Calculating Door Weight and Size
To calculate the weight of a fire door you will need to know the weight per square metre (kg/m2) of the door’s core. This is determined using the thickness of the door as follows:
44mm = 55kg
54mm = 75kg
The calculation below can be used to determine the approximate weight of the fire door.
Please note that the calculation does not take glass weight into account:
Width x height x thickness x kg/m2 of the door's core = Weight of fire door
For example, for a door that was 926 x 2040mm with a thickness of 44mm the following calculation would give an approximate weight:
0.926 x 2.040 x 0.44 x 55 = 45kg
Door Closer Calculator
Door Closer Power Size Guide
| Power Size | Max Door Weight kg | Max Door Width mm |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 750 |
| 2 | 40 | 85 |
| 3 | 60 | 950 |
| 4 | 80 | 1100 |
| 5 | 100 | 1250 |
| 6 | 120 | 1400 |
Door Closer Mounting Options
- Regular arm: Mounted on the pull side of the door
- Top jamb: Mounted on the push side of the door frame
- Parallel Arm: Mounted on the push side, with the arm parallel to the door frame
Door Closer Features
- Closing Speed: Controls how fast the door closes. This is especially important in environments such as schools or care homes where the occupants need more time to pass through the door.
- Latching Speed: The latching speed is the speed taken for the door to close and latch shut over the last 15 to 0 degrees of its closing phase. If this phase is too slow the door may not latch as the closer won’t have enough power to push the latch into the keep, while allowing it to close too fast could create a finger-trapping hazard.
- Backcheck: Prevents the door from being opened too forcefully by users or windy weather, potentially causing damage to the hinges or wall.
- Delayed Action: Slows the closing process to allow more time to pass through.
- Hold open: This feature applies to electromagnetic door closers that are wired to the main alarm system, as it will hold open the door but close automatically when the fire alarm sounds. Fire doors must not be held open using standard door stops or props as they must be closed in a fire to stop the spread of smoke.
- Free Swing: Electromagnetic door closers incorporate this feature which allows the door to open and close without resistance, as if a door closer isn't fitted. In the event of a fire, the door will still close automatically.
Door Closer Compliance & Certification
Fire Safety Compliance
Ensure the closer is certified to relevant standards such as BS EN 1154 for controlled door closing devices.
BS EN 1155 applies to electromagnetic closers with hold-open functionality but in the event of a fire they must release and fully close.
Accessibility Compliance
For compliance with the Equality Act 2010 BS 8300 (in the UK) choose door closers that offer adjustable closing speeds and forces to accommodate individuals with disabilities.
Door Closer Installation Tips
Proper installation ensures the door closer functions correctly and lasts longer. Here are our top tips:
- Read the Manufacturer's Instructions: Follow the specific guidelines provided for your door closer model.
- Choose the Correct Mounting Position: Determine whether it will be surface-mounted or concealed.
- Ensure Proper Alignment: Align the door closer with the door and frame to prevent binding and ensure smooth operation. Follow manufacturer placement instructions included with the closer and/or the included templates – it is critical that they are positioned exactly or the door closer will not function correctly.
- Adjust the Closing Speed and Force: Use the adjustment screws to set the closing and latching speeds according to your requirements.
- Don't Forget Intumescents: If you're fitting a concealed door closer or routing into the door or frame to fit one on a fire door, you must fit intumescent pads. Failure to do so will not only invalidate your fire door, it can potentially put lives at risk as the fire or smoke can escape through the gaps.
- Regular Maintenance: Periodically check and adjust the door closer to ensure it continues to operate smoothly.
Troubleshooting Door Closer Operation
Common Door Closer Problems and Solutions
| Problem | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Door slams shut | The closing speed is set too fast | Adjust the closing speed valve to slow down the door's closing action. This valve is typically marked as "S" (Sweep) or "C" (Close). |
| Door closes too slowly | The closing speed is set too slow | Adjust the closing speed valve to increase the door's closing speed. |
| Door doesn't latch properly | The latching speed is too slow, or the latch is misaligned | Adjust the latching speed valve, often marked as "L" (Latch). Ensure the latch is properly aligned with the strike plate. |
| Door doesn't close completely | There could be an obstruction, or the closer may be set incorrectly | Check for any physical obstructions in the door's path. Adjust the closing speed and latching speed valves if needed. Ensure the door closer is properly aligned. |
| Door sticks or is hard to open | The spring tension might be too high, or there could be mechanical issues | Adjust the spring tension, often marked as "T" (Tension). Check for any mechanical issues such as bent arms or damaged parts and replace them if necessary. |
| Leaking hydraulic fluid | Seal failure or damage to the closer | If you notice fluid leaking, the door closer likely needs to be replaced. A leaking closer cannot be repaired effectively. |
| Unusual noises | Lack of lubrication, worn-out parts, or loose components | Check for any loose screws or parts and tighten them. Lubricate moving parts if necessary. If the problem persists, inspect for worn-out components and replace them. |
Step-by-Step Troubleshooting
1. Inspect the Door and Closer
Check the door for any physical obstructions or misalignments.
Ensure all screws and mounting hardware are secure.
2. Adjust the Closing Speed
Locate the closing speed valve on the door closer.
Use a screwdriver to turn the valve: clockwise to decrease speed, counterclockwise to increase speed.
3. Adjust the Latching Speed
Locate the latching speed valve.
Adjust the valve to control the final few inches of the door closing. This ensures the door latches properly.
4. Adjust the Spring Tension
If the door is hard to open or closes too forcefully, adjust the spring tension.
Locate the tension adjustment and use a screwdriver or wrench to adjust it according to the manufacturer’s instructions..
5. Check for Leaks
Inspect the door closer for any signs of hydraulic fluid leaks.
If you find a leak, the door closer will likely need to be replaced.
6. Lubricate Moving Parts
Apply a light machine oil to the moving parts of the door closer to ensure smooth operation.
Avoid over-lubricating, as this can attract dust and debris.
Regular Door Closer Maintenance Tips
1. Regular Inspections
Periodically inspect the door closer for any signs of wear, leaks, or loose components.
2. Clean and Lubricate
Clean the door closer to remove dust and debris.
Lubricate moving parts annually or as needed.
3. Test and Adjust
Regularly test the door closing speed and latching speed.
Make adjustments as necessary to maintain optimal performance.
4. Replace Worn Parts
If any parts show signs of wear or damage, replace them immediately to avoid further issues.
By following these troubleshooting steps and maintenance tips, you can ensure your door closer operates smoothly and efficiently, extending its lifespan and maintaining safety and convenience in your building.
Door Closer Frequently Asked Questions
Can Door Closers Be Fitted to UPVC Doors?
Yes, door closers can be fitted to UPVC doors. However, there are some considerations to keep in mind to ensure proper functionality and durability.
When fitting a door closer to a UPVC door, it’s important to select a model specifically designed for lightweight doors and compatible with the material. Surface-mounted door closers are often the best choice for UPVC doors due to their ease of installation and adjustment.
Ensure that the door and frame can support the closer and that the installation does not interfere with the door's structural integrity or its thermal performance. Additionally, using appropriate screws and fixings designed for UPVC is crucial to ensure a secure installation.
If in doubt, consulting a professional installer can help guarantee that the door closer is fitted correctly and operates efficiently without damaging the door.
What Does the Power Size Mean on a Door Closer?
The power size of a door closer refers to the force it exerts to close the door. This force is typically adjustable and is rated according to a standardised scale, commonly referred to as "sizes."
The most widely used standard is defined by the EN 1154 and ANSI/BHMA A156.4 specifications. These sizes determine the closing force required to close doors of varying weights and widths.
Understanding Door Closer Power Sizes
1. Power Size Range
Door closers can be adjustable within a specific range (e.g. Size 1 to Size 6)
Each size corresponds to a particular door weight and width, ensuring the door closes effectively without excessive force.
| Power Size | Max Door Weight kg | Max Door Width mm |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 750 |
| 2 | 40 | 85 |
| 3 | 60 | 950 |
| 4 | 80 | 1100 |
| 5 | 100 | 1250 |
| 6 | 120 | 1400 |
2. Adjustable Power Size
Many modern door closers offer adjustable power sizes, allowing a single closer to be used on a range of door sizes.
Adjustment is typically done via a screw mechanism or by changing the arm's position.
Importance of Correct Power Size
Ensures Proper Door Operation
The right power size ensures the door closes securely and latches properly without slamming or failing to close.
Compliance with Building Codes
Choosing the correct power size is essential for compliance with fire and accessibility codes, particularly for fire-rated doors and doors requiring DDA (Equality Act BS 8300) compliance.
Prolongs Door and Closer Life
Using an appropriately sized door closer reduces wear and tear on both the door and the closer, extending their lifespan.
Selecting the Right Power Size
1. Assess Door Weight and Width
Measure the width of the door and estimate its weight. Refer to the manufacturer's specifications for power size recommendations based on these measurements.
2. Consider Usage Frequency
For doors in high-traffic areas, a higher power size may be necessary to ensure durability and reliable operation.
3. Environmental Factors
Consider any external conditions that may affect the door’s operation, such as wind pressure on exterior doors, which might require a stronger closer.
Do Door Closers Keep Doors Open?
Door closers are primarily designed to ensure doors close automatically after being opened. However, some door closers come with an additional feature known as "hold-open" functionality, which allows the door to be held in an open position when needed. Here's an explanation of how this feature works and the different types of hold-open mechanisms available.
Hold Open Functionality
1. Mechanical Hold-Open
Some door closers have a built-in mechanical hold-open function that engages at a specific angle, usually between 85° and 110°. This allows the door to remain open until it is manually pulled closed. Please note these are not suitable for use on fire doors - in these instances select an electromagnetic device.
These models often include an adjustable arm or a separate hold-open device that can be set to engage at the desired angle.
2. Friction Hold-Open
Friction hold-open closers use friction to keep the door open. The friction level can be adjusted to control the hold-open position. This type is often simpler and more cost-effective but may not be as precise as mechanical options. Again, these are not suitable for fire doors as there is no option to connect to the fire alarm system and close the door automatically if a fire breaks out.
3. Electromagnetic Hold-Open
Electromagnetic hold-open devices are commonly used in conjunction with fire safety systems. They hold the door open until an emergency occurs, such as a fire alarm activation, at which point they release automatically to allow the door to close.
4. Hold Open Devices
Hold open devices are ideal for doors that need to remain open for accessibility or traffic flow but must close in case of an emergency.
Popular options are the Union Door Sense or Dorgard, as these are designed to comply with fire regulations for hold open devices.
Choosing the Right Hold Open Door Closer
When selecting a door closer with a hold-open function, consider the following factors:
1. Purpose and Usage
Determine if the hold-open feature is necessary for your application. Common uses include allowing free passage in high-traffic areas or keeping doors open for ventilation.
2. Fire Safety Requirements
If the door is fire-rated, ensure that the hold-open mechanism complies with fire safety regulations. Electromagnetic hold-open devices such as Union Doorsense are typically required for fire-rated doors as they will automatically close the door in the event of the fire alarm sounding.
3. Location and Environment
For exterior doors, consider environmental factors such as wind pressure, which might affect the hold-open function. Ensure the hold-open mechanism is robust enough to handle these conditions.
4. Adjustability
Look for door closers with adjustable hold-open angles and easy-to-use mechanisms to suit various needs.
Advantages of Hold-Open Door Closers
1. Convenience
Hold-open door closers provide convenience in busy areas such as offices and schools where doors need to remain open temporarily for easy access.
2. Improved Traffic Flow
In commercial and public buildings, hold-open features improve traffic flow, making it easier for people to move through the space.
3. Accessibility
Hold-open devices enhance accessibility for individuals with disabilities, ensuring compliance with Equality Act requirements.
Disabling Hold-Open Function
In some situations, you may need to disable the hold-open function for security reasons or during off-hours. Many door closers with hold-open capabilities have easy-to-disengage features, allowing you to switch between hold-open and automatic closing modes as needed.
What Are Fire Door Requirements in the UK for Door Closers?
In the UK, fire doors are critical components in fire safety, designed to contain fire and smoke while ensuring safe evacuation routes and protecting property. Door closers play a vital role in the effectiveness of fire doors. Here are the key requirements and considerations for door closers on fire doors in the UK:
Key Requirements for Door Closers on Fire Doors
1. Certifications and Compliance
Door closers used on fire doors must be CE marked and comply with the relevant British Standards (BS EN 1154 or BS EN 1155). They should also have been tested and certified as part of a complete fire door assembly, ensuring the entire system works effectively in a fire.
2. Automatic Closing
All fire doors must be fitted with a self-closing device to make sure they close automatically from any open position and latch securely without manual assistance.
3. Hold-Open Devices
If a fire door needs to be held open for operational reasons, it must use an electromagnetic hold-open device that is connected to the building’s fire alarm system.
Wireless devices such as Dorgard or Doorsense work by listening for a continuous fire alarm and then retracting to close the door (please note they must always be used in conjunction with a door closer).
In the event of a fire, the hold-open device must release, allowing the door to close automatically.
4. Installation and Maintenance
Door closers must be installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and as part of the fire door assembly tested configuration.
Regular maintenance and testing are required to ensure the door closer functions correctly. This includes checking the closing speed, latching, and ensuring there are no obstructions or damage.
If you’re cutting into the door to fit a closer such as a concealed closer, you must fit an intumescent pad to ensure compliance with fire regulations. Standard overhead closers don’t generally require intumescent pads as they’re not fitted into the door, they just sit on the surface.
What’s the Difference Between Push and Pull Door Closers?
Most door closers are classified as universal opening, which means they can be mounted on either side of the door (typically referred to as "push" or "pull" door closers). Understanding the difference between these two types helps in selecting the appropriate closer for a specific application.
Push Door Closers
Push door closers are mounted on the push side of the door, meaning the side where you push the door to open it.
Mounting Types:
Parallel Arm (Push Side)
The door closer is mounted on the door's face and the parallel arm is fixed to the top of the door frame. The arm is parallel to the door when closed, providing a streamlined appearance.
Characteristics:.
- Aesthetics: Parallel arm configurations offer a less obtrusive look as the arm runs parallel to the door frame
- Security: Often used in high-traffic areas and commercial settings as they are less prone to vandalism
- Durability: The design can absorb impact better, making it suitable for heavy-duty applications
Pull Door Closers
Pull door closers are mounted on the pull side of the door, meaning the side where you pull the door to open it.
Mounting Types:
1. Standard Arm (Pull Side)
The closer is mounted on the top of the door's face, and the arm extends and attaches to the frame. The arm projects perpendicularly from the door when closed.
2. Top Jamb (Pull Side)
The closer is mounted on the top jamb of the door frame, with the arm extending to the door’s face. Commonly used where there is limited space on the door itself.
By following the advice above, you can hopefully find the right door closer and keep it running for years to come. If you do need any more help, the team at tradefit.uk are always on hand to help - just contact us here
